Coronary artery bypass graft surgery cost coverage by the brazilian unified health system (SUS)

Abstract Introduction: Cost management has been identified as an essential tool for the general control and evaluation of health organizations. Objectives: To identify the coverage percentage of transferred funds from the Unified Health System for coronary artery bypass grafts in a philanthropic hospital having a consolidated costing system in the municipality of São Paulo. Methods: A quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional research with information provided from a database composed of 1913 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft from March 13 to September 30, 2012, including isolated elective coronary artery bypass graft with the use of extracorporeal circulation. It excluded 551 (28.8%) patients, among them 76 (4.0%) deaths and 8 hospitalized patients, since the cost was compared according to the length of hospital stay. Therefore, the sample consisted of 1362 patients. Results: The average total cost per patient was $7,992.55. The average fund transfer by the Unified Health System was $3,450.73 (48.66%), resulting in a deficit of $4,541.82 (51.34%). Conclusion: The Unified Health System transfers covered 48.66% of the average total cost of hospitalization. Although the amount transferred increased with increasing costs, it was not proportional to the total cost, resulting in a percentage difference in revenue that was increasingly negative for each increase in cost and hospital stay. Those hospitalized for longer than seven days presented higher costs, older age, higher percentage of diabetics and chronic kidney disease patients and more postoperative complications.

Acute Coronary Syndrome Treatment Costs from the Perspective of the Supplementary Health System / Custos de Tratamento da Síndrome Coronariana Aguda sob a Perspectiva do Sistema de Saúde Suplementar

AbstractBackground:Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is defined as a “group of clinical symptoms compatible with acute myocardial ischemia”, representing the leading cause of death worldwide, with a high clinical and financial impact. In this sense, the development of economic studies assessing the costs related to the treatment of ACS should be considered.Objective:To evaluate costs and length of hospital stay between groups of patients treated for ACS undergoing angioplasty with or without stent implantation (stent+ / stent-), coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) and treated only clinically (Clinical) from the perspective of the Brazilian Supplementary Health System (SHS).Methods:A retrospective analysis of medical claims of beneficiaries of health plans was performed considering hospitalization costs and length of hospital stay for management of patients undergoing different types of treatment for ACS, between Jan/2010 and Jun/2012.Results:The average costs per patient were R$ 18,261.77, R$ 30,611.07, R$ 37,454.94 and R$ 40,883.37 in the following groups: Clinical, stent-, stent+ and CABG, respectively. The average costs per day of hospitalization were R$ 1,987.03, R$ 4,024.72, R$ 6,033.40 and R$ 2,663.82, respectively. The average results for length of stay were 9.19 days, 7.61 days, 6.19 days and 15.20 days in these same groups. The differences were significant between all groups except Clinical and stent- and between stent + and CABG groups for cost analysis.Conclusion:Hospitalization costs of SCA are high in the Brazilian SHS, being significantly higher when interventional procedures are required.

Fundamento:Síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) é definida como um “grupo de sintomas clínicos compatíveis com isquemia miocárdica aguda”, representando a principal causa de óbito no mundo, com elevado impacto clínico e financeiro. Nesse sentido, o desenvolvimento de estudos econômicos que avaliem os custos despendidos no tratamento da SCA deve ser considerado.Objetivo:Avaliar custos e tempo de internação hospitalar entre grupos de pacientes que trataram SCA, submetidos a procedimentos de angioplastia com ou sem implante de stent (stent+ / stent-), revascularização (Revasc) e tratados apenas clinicamente (Clínico), sob a perspectiva do sistema de saúde suplementar (SSS) brasileiro.Métodos:Realizou-se uma análise retrospectiva de contas médicas de beneficiários de planos de saúde considerando dados de custos de internação e tempo de permanência hospitalar para o manejo de pacientes submetidos a diferentes tipos de tratamento para SCA, no período entre 1/2010 e 6/2012.Resultados:Os custos médios por paciente foram de R$ 18.261,77, R$ 30.611,07, R$ 37.454,94 e R$ 40.883,37 nos grupos Clínico, stent-, stent+ e Revasc, respectivamente. Os custos médios por dia de internação foram de R$ 1.987,03, R$ 4.024,72, R$ 6.033,40 e R$ 2.663,82, respectivamente. Os tempos médios de internação foram de 9,19 dias, 7,61 dias, 6,19 dias e 15,20 dias nesses mesmos grupos. As diferenças foram estatisticamente significativas entre todos os grupos, exceto Clínico e stent- e entre os grupos stent + e Revasc, para a análise de custos.Conclusão:O custo hospitalar da SCA é elevado no SSS brasileiro e significativamente mais alto quando há a necessidade da realização de procedimentos intervencionistas.

Avaliação do tempo de permanência hospitalar em cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica segundo a fonte pagadora / Evaluation of the length of hospital stay in cases of coronary artery bypass graft by payer

OBJETIVO: O indicador de tempo de permanência hospitalar (TPH) permite avaliar a eficiência de uma determinada unidade hospitalar e serve como base para mensurar o número de leitos necessários para o atendimento da população de uma área específica. MÉTODOS: Levantamento retrospectivo de um banco de dados de 3010 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM) de julho de 2009 a julho de 2010. RESULTADOS: Dos 2840 pacientes com critérios de inclusão, 92,1% tinham como fonte pagadora o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e 7,9% eram de convênios e particulares (Não SUS); 70,2% eram do sexo masculino, a média de idade foi de 61,9 anos e a média do escore de risco (EuroSCORE) foi de 2,9%. Os grupos SUS e Não SUS não diferiram no tempo de espera pré-cirurgia (2,59±3,10 dias vs. 3,02±3,70 dias para os grupos SUS e não SUS, respectivamente; p = 0,790), mas diferiram nos tempos de terapia intensiva (2,17±3,84 vs. 2,52±2,72 dias para os grupos SUS e não SUS, respectivamente; p < 0,001), de pós-operatório (8,34±10,32 vs. 9,19 + 6,97 dias para os grupos SUS e não SUS, respectivamente; p < 0,001) e de permanência hospitalar total (10,93±11,08 vs. 12,21±8,20 dias para os grupos SUS e não SUS, respectivamente; p < 0.001). O grupo Não SUS teve mais cirurgia não eletiva (p = 0,002) e mais cirurgia sem circulação extracorpórea (p = 0,012). Os grupos não diferiram em relação a procedimento valvar associado (p = 0,057) e a outros procedimentos não valvulares (p = 0,053), mas diferiram nos procedimentos não cardíacos associados (p = 0,017). As taxas de readmissão na UTI (p = 0,636) e de complicações pós-operatórias foram semelhantes entre os grupos (p = 0,055). CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes do grupo Não SUS tiveram tempos de permanência hospitalar maiores que o grupo SUS.

OBJECTIVE: The length of hospital stay (LOS) allows for the evaluation of the efficiency of a given hospital facility, as well as providing a basis for measuring the number of hospital beds required to provide assistance to the population in a specific area. METHODS: A retrospective survey was conducted on a database of 3,010 patients submitted to coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) from July, 2009 to July, 2010. RESULTS: Among 2,840 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 92.1% had their surgery paid by the Brazilian Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS) and 7.9% by health plans or themselves (non-SUS). 70.2% were male, the average age was 61.9 years old, and the average risk score (EuroScore) was 2.9%. The SUS and the non-SUS groups did not differ regarding the waiting time for surgery (WTS) (2.59± 3.10 vs. 3,02±3,70 days for SUS and non-SUS respectively; p = 0.790), but did differ with respect to the length of stay in intensive care unit (2.17±3.84 vs. 2.52±2.72 days for SUS and non-SUS respectively; p < 0.001), the postoperative period (8.34±10.32 vs. 9,19±6.97 days for SUS and non-SUS respectively; p < 0.001), and the total LOS (10.93±11.08 vs. 12.21±8.20 days for SUS and non-SUS respectively; p < 0.001). The non-SUS group had more events of non-elective surgery (p = 0.002) and surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass (p = 0.012). The groups did not differ regarding the associated valve procedure (p = 0.057) nor other non-valve procedures (p = 0.053), but they did differ with respect to associated non-cardiac procedures (p = 0.017). ICU readmission (p = 0.636) and postoperative complications rates were similar in both groups (p = 0.055). CONCLUSION: The Non-SUS group showed longer LOS compared to the SUS group.

Desempenho e gastos do SUS com revascularizações do miocárdio no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, de 1999 a 2008 / Coronary artery bypass graft surgery performance and costs by the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS) in the State of Rio de Janeiro, from 1999 to 2008

FUNDAMENTO: Os gastos com cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (RVM) e angioplastia coronariana (AC), representaram importante ônus para o SUS. OBJETIVO: Analisar gastos do SUS com RVM e AC e sua performance nos hospitais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (ERJ), de 1999 a 2008. MÉTODOS: As informações provieram das AIH pagas dos hospitais com mais de 100 revascularizações. As taxas de letalidade foram ajustadas por modelos Poisson (covariáveis idade, dias de permanência no hospital e gasto em UTI). Foram construídos índices de gasto médio relativo, dividindo-se o valor médio da fração de gasto em cada hospital pelo gasto médio no ERJ, em dólares. Para análise estatística empregou-se o Stata. RESULTADOS: Foram pagas 10.983 RVM e 19.661 AC em 20 hospitais nos 10 anos, com valores médios de US$ 3.088,12 e 2.183,93, respectivamente. A taxa de letalidade nas RVM flutuou de 9,2 por cento-1999 para 7,7 por cento-2008, com valores extremos de 5,0 por cento-9,2 por cento e nas AC de 1,6 por cento-1999 para 1,5 por cento-2008, com valores extremos de 0,9 por cento-2,3 por cento. Os hospitais diminuíram a realização de RVM e duplicaram a de AC. Idade, tempo de internação e gastos em UTI correlacionaram-se significativamente com a letalidade nas RVM e AC pagas no ERJ. Em média, os gastos com os serviços hospitalares representaram 41 por cento do total das RVM e 18 por cento das AC, e os com as órteses e próteses, 55 por cento das AC e 28 por cento nas RVM. CONCLUSÃO: Evidencia-se necessidade de melhorar a qualidade do atendimento das instituições que realizam RVM e AC pagas pelo SUS.

BACKGROUND: Expenses with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery and coronary angioplasty (CA) represented a significant cost to SUS. OBJECTIVE: To analyze SUS expenses with CABG and CA and their performance in hospitals in the state of Rio de Janeiro (SRJ), from 1999 to 2008. METHODS: The information came from paid HAA in hospitals with more than 100 revascularization procedures. Mortality rates were adjusted by Poisson (with covariates age, length of hospital stay and ICU expenses). Mean relative cost indices were calculated by dividing the mean value of the cost fraction spent in each hospital by the mean expense in the SRJ in U.S. dollars. Stata software was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: A total of 10,983 CABG and 19,661 CA were paid by SUS in 20 hospitals during the 10 years, with mean values of US$ 3,088.12 and 2,183.93, respectively. The mortality rate in CABG varied from 9.2 percent-1999 to 7.7 percent-2008, with ranges of 5.0 percent-9.2 percent and in CA, from 1.6 percent-1999 to 1.5 percent-2008, with ranges of 0.9 percent-2.3 percent. The hospitals decreased the number of CABG procedures and doubled CA procedures. Age, time of hospital stay and ICU costs significantly correlated with lethality in CABG and CA paid by SUS in the SRJ. On average, hospital service costs represented 41 percent of the total cost of CABG and 18 percent of CA, and with ortheses and prostheses, 55 percent in CA and 28 percent in CABG. CONCLUSION: It is clear the need to improve the quality of healthcare service in institutions that perform CABG and CA paid by SUS.

Blood transfusion is associated with increased resource utilisation, morbidity and mortality in cardiac surgery.

The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the impact of blood transfusion on resource utilisation, morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery at a major university hospital. The resources we examined are time to extubation, intensive care unit length of stay (ICULOS) and postoperative length of stay (PLOS). We further examined the impact of number of units of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) transfused during PLOS. This is a retrospective observational study and includes 1746 consecutive male and female patients undergoing primary CABG (on- and off-pump) at our institution. Of these, 1067 patients received blood transfusions, while 677 did not. The data regarding the demography, blood transfusion, resource utilisation, morbidity and mortality were collected from the records of patients undergoing CABG over a period of three years. The mean time to extubation following surgery was 8.0 h for the transfused group and 4.3 h for the nontransfused group ( P <or= 0.001). The mean ICULOS for the transfused group was 1.6 d and 1.2 d for the nontransfused group ( P P <or= 0.001). In all patients and in patients with no preoperative morbidity, partial correlation coefficients were used to examine the effects of transfusion on mortality, time to extubation, ICULOS and PLOS. Linear regression model was used to assess the effect of number of PRBC units transfused on PLOS. We noted that PLOS increased with the number of PRBCs units transfused. Transfusion is significantly correlated with the increased time to extubation, ICULOS, PLOS and mortality. The transfused patients had significantly more postoperative complications than their nontransfused counterparts ( P <or= 0.001). The 30-day hospital mortality was 3.1% for the transfused group with no deaths in the nontransfused group ( P <or= 0.001). We conclude that the CABG patients receiving blood transfusion have significantly longer time for tracheal extubation, ICULOS, PLOS and higher morbidity and 30-day hospital mortality. Blood transfusion was an independent predictor of increased resource utilisation, postoperative morbidity and mortality.

Costs of payment in Thai acute coronary syndrome patients.

BACKGROUND: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a major health care syndrome that can financially burden patients throughout the world, including Thailand. Few studies purposed estimating the costs of treatment. The data from the ACS registry database represented the costs of hospital charges paid by ACS patients. Although these were not the actual treatment costs, the authors can approximately estimate the total expenditure for the first admission. OBJECTIVES: First, calculate the cost of ACS to the patients, including diagnostic, demographic data, treatment modalities, type of payers, hospital profile, and outcomes. Second, find the appropriate model to identify the independent factors for predicting the treatment costs. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The present study collected data from the second and third phase of a national multicenter prospective registry of ACS in Thailand, Thai ACS registry (TACSR). 3,552 patients with new onset of ACS were analyzed. RESULTS: Median age was 67 years (range 26.5-105.5) with predominately male and median length of stay (LOS) was 7 days (range, 1-184). 42% referred from other hospitals. The median cost of the total population was 47,908 baht (range, 633-1,279,679). When classified into those of STEMI, NSTEMI, and UA, the costs were 82,848.5, 40,531 and 26,116 baht respectively, p < 0.0001. Patients in the government hospital had to pay the total cost with PCI and CABG, 152,081-161,374 baht and 203,139-223,747 baht respectively, while the private hospital charged almost twice as much. For the types of payers, private insurance including private employee security fund paid significantly more than others. Costs in patients paid by "30 baht na tional health scheme and social security fund" were significantly less than those of others. For modality of treatment in STEMI, primary PCI was significantly more costly than thrombolytics and no reperfusion therapy, 161,096.5 vs. 60,043.0 and 33,335.0 baht respectively p < 0.0001. Early invasive groups in NSTEMI/UA had much higher median costs 145,794.0 baht when compared to those of the conservative group, 47,908 baht, p < 0.0001. Two multiple linear regression models according to the diagnostic group identified the independent factors for predicting cost. PCI, LOS, CABG, admission in a private hospital, Death, GPIIb/IlIa inhibitors use, major bleeding, coronary angiogram, thrombolytics use, age and diabetes were independent predictors for the cost in STEMI patients, R2 = 0.58. For those of NSTEMI/UA, the independent predictors for the cost were PCI, LOS, CABG, admission in a private hospital, death, GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors use, major bleeding, coronary angiogram, age, ventricular arrhythmia, CHF and referred patients, R2 =0.62. CONCLUSION: Costs in ACS patients were markedly different among diagnostic groups. The clinical risk factors were hospital type, type of payers, referred system, treatment procedures, drugs used and complications including outcome. Some of these factors could independently predict the costs.

Custos hospitalares da cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio em pacientes coronarianos eletivos / Hospital costs of coronary artery bypass grafting on elective coronary patients

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os custos hospitalares da cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio em pacientes coronarianos eletivos e relacioná-los com o número de enxertos realizados. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo prospectivo, realizado no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, nos meses de abril, maio e junho de 2005, em pacientes coronarianos de ambos os sexos, de qualquer idade. Foram excluídos os pacientes atendidos na emergência, os que tinham outras alterações cardíacas associadas e os casos de reoperação. Foram elaborados formulários apropriados para a fase inicial de internação no pré-operatório, para o centro cirúrgico, para o pós-operatório imediato e para a fase de internação final na enfermaria. RESULTADOS: O procedimento foi realizado em 103 pacientes, com o custo médio total de R$ 6.990,30, com um mínimo de R$ 5.438,69, um máximo de R$ 11.778,96, desvio padrão de R$ 1.035,47 e intervalo de confiança de 95 por cento de R$ 6.790,33-R$ 7.190,27, correspondendo, em dólares, a média de US$ 2.784,98, mínimo de US$ 2.166,81, máximo de US$ 4.692,81, desvio padrão de US$ 412,54 e intervalo de confiança de 95 por cento de US$ 2.705,31-US$ 2.864,67. O custo médio total para a cirurgia de três a cinco pontes foi maior (R$ 7.148,05) que para a cirurgia de uma a duas pontes (R$ 6.659,29) e a diferença foi significante (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Os maiores custos médios foram no centro cirúrgico (R$ 4.627,97) e no pós-operatório imediato (R$ 1.221,39), seguidos pela enfermaria depois do pós-operatório imediato (R$ 840,04) e pela enfermaria inicial de pré-operatório (R$ 300,90).

OBJECTIVE: To assess hospital costs associated with coronary artery bypass grafting performed on elective coronary patients, and the relation of costs with the number of grafts. METHODS: Descriptive prospective study carried out at Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia in April, May and June of 2005. Coronary patients of different ages and both genders were included. Emergency patients, patients with other associated heart conditions and reoperation cases were excluded. Appropriate forms for the operating room, early postoperative period and for the final period in the ward were developed for the initial hospitalization phase preoperatively. RESULTS: The procedure was performed on 103 patients, at an average cost of R$6,990.00 (US$2,784.98), at a minimum of R$5,438.69 (US$2,166.81), and maximum of R$11,778.96 (US$4,692.81); standard deviation was R$1,035.47 (US$412.54) and the confidence interval was 95 percent, ranging from R$6,790.33 - R$7,190.27 (US$2,705.31 - US$2,864.67). The total average cost for three to five bypass grafts was higher (R$7,148.05) than for one and two bypass grafts (R$6,659.29) and the difference was significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The highest average costs were in the operating room (R$4,627.97), and in the early postoperative period (R$1,221.39), followed by costs incurred in the ward after the early postoperative period (R$840.04) and by the initial preoperative period in the ward (R$300.90).